Introduction to Chemical Engineering | Lecture ( 7 )

Introduction to Chemical Engineering | Lecture ( 6 )

Introduction to Chemical Engineering | Lecture ( 5 )

Introduction to Chemical Engineering | Lecture ( 4 )

Introduction to Chemical Engineering | Lecture ( 3 )

Introduction to Chemical Engineering | Lecture ( 2 )

Introduction to Chemical Engineering | Lecture (1)

Chemical Compound

 Chemical Compound Use In Everyday Life

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Chemical Compound

Studying about elements and chemical compound in chemistry class may be boring to some students. Just looking at those elements on the periodic table make them wish that it’s already the end of class.

It’s understandable that some students don’t like chemistry class, especially every student have their favorite subject. Most of the time chemistry is last on the list. But to some students who love this subject, learning about chemical compound is something they look forward to. Whether you like chemistry or not, understanding chemical compound is useful in your everyday life. This will help you in choosing the best products like shampoo, lotion, soap, medicine and more. If you know what compounds these products are made of, you’ll be able to determine which product to buy and which may be harmful for you. Different substances are combined together in producing these products.

Elements are joined together to create new substances. These are called chemical compounds. Though these are bonded together, these can still be separated as individual elements. Covalent bond is a bond in which elements have the same electronegativity. There’s even sharing of electrons in this type of bond. Ionic bond is a bond in which elements have differences in electronegativity. Chemical compounds are different with mixtures because separation of chemical compounds can only be done through chemical reaction. Mixtures can be separated using different methods like evaporation and filtration. Evaporation can separate solution from solute and filtration can separate liquid from solid. Noble gases have full electrons, which is the reason why they do not bond with other elements. These elements are located on the right side of the periodic table. Elements with full electrons are non reactive. Some of these are neon, argon and helium.

Medicine
We can test potential anti-allergenic effects of your chemical compounds on ...

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                                       elements and their ratios in achemical compound. Another example is

Who knows, you may be working in a manufacturing industry in the future and expertise in chemical compound is important in developing new products.

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Chemical Weathering and types

Since igneous rocks form at high temperatures, and under pressure conditions ranging from one to several atmospheres.  However, the conditions at the Earth's surface are somewhat different than the conditions at which most rocks and minerals form.  Therefore, the materials are no longer at equilibrium when they are exposed to surface conditions.  Under these conditions, there is a tendency for all ordered systems to seek lower levels of energy or order.  This is all done through weathering.
Weathering - the disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near the surface of the earth.  It affects the rocks in place and no transport is involved.  This distinguishes weathering from erosion.
Mechanical/physical weathering - physical disintegration of a rock into smaller fragments, each with the same properties as the original.  Occurs mainly by temperature and pressure changes.
Chemical weathering - process by which the internal structure of a mineral is altered by the addition or removal of elements.  Change in phase (mineral type) and composition are due to the action of chemical agents.  Chemical weathering is dependent on available surface for reaction temperature and presence of chemically active fluids.  Smaller particle sizes weather by chemical means more rapidly than large particles due to an increase of surface area.  Look at the diagram below and you will see that as the particles get smaller, the total surface area available for chemical weathering increases.
Erosion - the incorporation and transportation of weathering products by a mobile agent such as wind, water, ice.
All three processes may act independently, but will more often than not, occur simultaneously.  Different circumstance will have one weathering process more important than another.  The processes may also act in concert with one another.
Types of Mechanical Weathering:

	Frost Wedging - water expands when it freezes.  This photograph shows the individual layers within the sedimentary rock breaking apart through repeated cycles of freeze-thaw.  A similar process happens when the rock is repeatedly wetted and dried as salt crystals dissolve from the rock then grow when it is dried.  Both processes can result in the rocks being heaved - so what was once a nice regular pattern of bricks set in a pavement will eventually become a chaotic jumble of bricks oriented every which way. Thermal Expansion and Contraction - heating causes rock to expand, cooling results in contraction; different minerals expand and contract at different rates.  This phenomena will look very similar to frost wedging and salt crystal growth, but will typically happen in climates that undergo extreme diurnal temperature changes.
	Mechanical Exfoliation - rock breaks apart in layers that are parallel to the earth's surface; as rock is uncovered, it expands (due to the lower confining pressure) resulting in exfoliation.  The photograph is from G. K. Gilbert (1903) in Sequoia National Park.  The granite boulder is shaped by exfoliation; the boulder is about 40 feet in diameter, and the separated fragment resting on it is about 10 feet thick.  Exfoliation is very common whenever plutonic igneous rocks are exposed.  Since the plutonic rocks cool at depth under great pressure, they essentially de-pressurizes once the overburden is removed.  This causes sheets of rock to peel off subparallel to the earth's surface, or whatever is the least pressurized surface.
	In this photo from Yosemite National Park, the exfoliation sheets are subparallel to the valley walls.
	Abrasion - physical grinding of rock fragments.  Here, the photo shows some pits that have been eroded into the rock by sandblasting.  Along with the physical weathering (the sandblasting), chemical weathering has taken place as the rock shows some signs of solution weathering as well.
	Another photograph which shows the powerful effect of wind generated abrasion is the Double Arch from Arches National Park.  The edges of the arches have weathered along joints, preexisting tectonically controlled vertical surfaces in the rock.  Then mechanical abrasion took over and carved out the arches.

Chemical Peels and work

How do Chemical Peels work? The advance of time, pollution and sunlight all take their toll on the skin, resulting in dullness and in many cases, premature aging.  Exfoliation treatments are recommended to remove the surface layer of dead skin cells and reveal the younger, healthier skin underneath.  Chemical Peels aid skin rejuvenation and other conditions such as acne, sun damage, age spots, smoking damage and dull skin.  Areas which can be treated include the face, neck, decollete’ and hands. While deep peels are available on the market, Renew Clinic prefers a more conservative approach, offering only a “superficial” peel usingNeoStrata or Filorga’s GlyKopeel formulation, which is intended to accelerate the skin’s natural peeling process.  Glycolic acids work to destroy the intercellular cement joining the skin cells together and also help to promote the diffusion of active ingredients, activate the skin repair process and preserve the skin’s protein structures.  It promotes production of collagen and elastin. Kojic acid and bearberry are powerful depigmenting ingredients and work to create more even skin tone.  Vitamins A, C and E help to stimulate cell renewal and contribute to the peel’s anti-aging effect. How long does it take? Treatments can take anything from just a few minutes to 15 minutes Is a chemical peel right for me? Chemical Peels are suitable for all skin types and skin tones.  With all types of peel you may need to use specified homecare products before and after your peel. When can I expect to see results? A very small number of patients experience surface peeling several days after treatments.  The results should be observable within a week to 10 days. Does it hurt? Your skin may be pink and feel tight for a couple of hours after the treatment. What are the risks? The specific risks and the suitability of this procedure for each person can be determined only at the time of consultation with our on-site Medical Aesthetic Practitioner.

Chamicals Energy

The energy held in the covalent bonds between atoms in a molecule is called chemical energy. Every bond has a certain amount of energy. To break the bond requires energy -- in chemical language it is called endothermic. These broken bonds then join together to create new molecules, and in the process release heat -- chemists call this exothermic. If the total heat given out is more than the heat taken in then the whole reaction is called exothermic, and the chemicals get hot. The burning of methane in oxygen is an example of this. If the heat taken in is more than the heat given out then the whole reaction is endothermic and the chemicals get cold. Combining carbon and hydrogen to make methane is an example. We rarely meet such reactions in every day life. They happen in living cells, the energy being supplied by sunlight or some other source. ATP is the molecule used by life to carry chemical energy. The bond between two of its phosphate groups carries a lot of energy because both phosphates have negative electric charge.

Types of chemical reactions

During class we recalled the chemical reactions that we learned last year in science 10: Syntheis, decomposition and single replacement.

Synthesis: This is when one compound combines with another compound to create a more complicated one.  The formula would be: Compound A + Compound B = Compound C

8 Fe + S₈ ---> 8 FeS

Decomposition: Opposite of a synthesis reaction.  A complicated compound breaks down into simpler ones. The formula would be: Complicated C = Compound A + Compound B

2 H₂O ---> 2 H₂ + O₂

Single Replacement: This is when one element trades places with element in a compound: The formula would be A + BC = AC + B OR A +BC = BC + A

Mg + 2 H₂O ---> Mg(OH)₂ + H₂

_{Here are some practice problems:}

Chemical Reaction

Chemical change requires a chemical reaction, a process whereby the chemical properties of a substance are altered by a rearrangement of the atoms in the substance. Of course we cannot see atoms with the naked eye, but fortunately, there are a number of clues that tell us when a chemical reaction has occurred. In many chemical reactions, for instance, the substance may experience a change of state or phase—as for instance when liquid water turns into gaseous oxygen and hydrogen as a result of electrolysis.

Chamicals Periodic Table

In the mid 19^th century, scientists were confronted with a mountain of seemingly unconnected chemical data - a situation similar to the particle physics in mid 20^thcentury. In 1869 the Russian chemist Mendeleyev successfully organized the various chemical elements into a Periodic Table. Similar elements are arranged in vertical columns and the properties of the elements change

		progressively across the row. The Periodic Table in Figure 13-01a is the modern version; while Figure 12-19 depicts the simpler one. The atomic number is the number of positive charges in the atomic nucleus. Atomic masses refer to the masses of neutral atoms, including the masses of the nucleus, the electrons and the mass equivalent of their binding energies. It is expressed in mass units such that the mass of the most abundant type of carbon is exactly 12.00 u (1 u = 1.66x10-24 gm).
Figure 13-01a Periodic Table, Modern [view large image, 1 MB]	Figure 13-01b Periodic Table, Unconventional [view large image]	Also see "Extension of the Periodic Table".

It was discovered later that not all of the atoms of a particular element have the same mass. The different varieties (different number of neutrons, same number of protons) of the same element are called its isotopes. The atomic masses now appear in the Periodic Table is the average atomic mass weighted by the abundance of each isotope. Unfortunately, the abundance depends on location where the sample is taken (ultimately depends on the process that created, transported or aggregated the material). The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has decided in 2011 to list atomic weight in lower and upper bounds, e.g., (1.00784;1.00811) for hydrogen. The affected elements include H, Li, B, C, S, and N. Elements with only one stable isotope such as F, Al, Na, Au and 17 others, are exempted from this ongoing change. And some highly radioactive elements exist too fleetingly for their atomic weights even to be defined.

The Periodic Table of Chemical Elements

The periodic table is now ubiquitous within the academic discipline of chemistry, providing an extremely useful framework to classify, systematize and compare all the many different forms of chemical behavior. The table has also found wide application in physics, biology, engineering, and industry. The current standard table contains 116 confirmed elements. 

Periodic Table Detailed CHEMICAL EQUATION BALANCING INFORMATION

The periodic table of the chemical elements (also periodic table of the elements or just the periodic table) is a tabular display of thechemical elements. Although precursors to this table exist, its invention is generally credited to Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, who intended the table to illustrate recurring ("periodic") trends in the properties of the elements. The layout of the table has been refined and extended over time, as new elements have been discovered, and new theoretical models have been developed to explain chemical behavior.

The periodic table is now ubiquitous within the academic discipline of chemistry, providing a useful framework to classify, systematize, and compare all of the many different forms of chemical behavior. The table has found many applications in chemistry, physics,biology, and engineering, especially chemical engineering. The current standard table contains 118 elements to date. (elements 1–118).

What is the Chemical Structure of Artemisinin?

What is the Chemical Structure of Artemisinin?

Artemisinin, molecular weight 282.34, formerly known as Qinghaosu, basic chemical formula C₁...H₂₂O..., is a naturally-occurring quadricyclic endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone used in the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of "falciparum" malaria. It forms colorless, orthorhombic crystals that are soluble in alcohol, and more so in ethyl acetate. It is most frequently used as part of a combination therapy with other antimalarial drugs. It is also being investigated for the treatment of cancer.

1. Sources

   • Plasmodium Falciparum Parasites; CDC; Wikimedia Commons

     For hundreds of years, the source of artemisinin has been the sweet wormwood bush, "artemisia annua." This bush was once popularly used in the production of absinthe, and currently is used to flavor some vermouth.

     More recently, synthesis of artemisinin and similar analogues has been undergoing investigation in the laboratory, leading to production of combination drugs, as encouraged by the World Health Organization (WHO). Such treatment is termed ACT for Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy. Biosynthetic methods are undergoing evaluation.